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The basic principles of each method along with its corresponding capabilities are outlined in 23 separate articles. Detailed information is provided on commonly used methods such as liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current and radiographic inspection, digital image enhancement, ultrasonic inspection, tomography, and real-time radiography.
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Work Founders on Internal Inconsistency 1999-04-07
The topic of the work, nondestructive evaluation (NDE), contains all of the tests which engineers use to detect flaws in materials. The possibility of employing these tests raises several questions. In particular: 1) Would it be worthwhile to employ such a test? and 2)If so, which test should be chosen of all the possibilities? The work proposes an approach to answering these questions but founders on an internal inconsistency.The approach suggested employs the well established discipline of statistical decision theory. One estimates the probabilities of false negative and false positive error. From them, one answers question 1) by computing the expected benefit. One answers question 2) by computing the expected benefits of all of the possible tests and ranking them according to this criterion. This approach is standard in a number of diagnostic fields, including medical diagnosis. In medicine, tests are designed for this approach. For example, a physician declares each element of a clinical population as positive or negative for liver cancer and a definitive test is available to determine whether each declaration is true or false. The probability of a false positive in cancer-free patients is then defined as the proportion of cancer-free patients declared positive for cancer and the probability of a false negative in cancer-bearing patients as the proportion of cancer-bearing patients declared negative for cancer. A requirement for the success of this approach is that, after the patients have been diagnosed, there is a one-to-one relationship between the set of false positive events and the set of patients who are falsely diagnosed as positive. The same is true for the sets of false negative, true negative and true positive events. When this relationship is present, an important axiom of probability theory is preserved. This axiom is known as Unit Measure. However, though the work assumes the preservation of Unit Measure, NDE violates it (see "Erratic Measure," in NDE for the Energy Industry-1995, pp. 1-6. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY). In this way, the work's answer to whether one should employ NDE collapses. So does its answer to which of NDE's tests should be used.
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